Antibacterial Effectiveness Test of Methanol Extract of Red Galangal Rhizome ( Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum) Against Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia Bacteria

rhizomes


Introduction
In the modern era, bacterial infections still pose a significant threat to human health.Two bacteria that often cause serious illnesses are Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Streptococcus pyogenes, known as "flesh-eating" bacteria, can cause various illnesses, such as laryngitis, scarlatina fever, and severe skin infections.Klebsiella pneumoniae, on the other hand, often causes pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections.Treatment of bacterial infections generally uses antibiotics.
However, overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, where bacteria become resistant to treatment.[3] Therefore, it is necessary to find alternatives to treat bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics.One potential alternative is the use of natural ingredients such as medicinal plants.Red galangal rhizomes (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum) have long been used in traditional medicine for various diseases, including bacterial infections.Scientific research shows that red galangal contains various bioactive compounds that have antibacterial activity.
Overuse of antibiotics has led to bacterial resistance, further worsening the situation.Therefore, new alternatives are needed to treat bacterial infections.https://doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v5i2.116

A B S T R A C T
Red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum) is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae.Red galangal rhizomes have antibacterial benefits because they contain active substances such as flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and tannins.Streptococcus pyogenes causes bacterial infections of the skin and upper respiratory tract, while Klebsiella pneumonia is the bacteria that causes pneumonia.This study aims to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of methanol extract of red galangal rhizomes (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria.This research is an experimental laboratory with a post-test-only controlled group design.Red galangal rhizomes were extracted using methanol solvent and tested for antibacterial effectiveness using the well method.There were 6 groups in the study, namely the chloramphenicol positive control group, the distilled water negative control group, and the 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% concentration groups.The largest inhibition zone diameter was found at a concentration of 80%, with an average of 25.50 mm in Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria and 28.73 mm in Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria.In conclusion, methanol extract of red galangal rhizome (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum) effective against bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia.5][6] This study aims to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of methanol extract of red galangal rhizomes (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum) against Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria.Data analysis.Clear zone diameter data were analyzed using ANOVA.MIC data were analyzed using linear regression.

Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the results of the diameter of the  Another study showed that methanol extract of red galangal rhizomes has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes with an MIC of 1.25 mg/mL. 17Another study showed that the ethanol extract of red galangal rhizomes has antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with a MIC of 0.625 mg/mL.
Other research shows that n-hexane extract of red galangal rhizome has antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with a MIC of 1.25 mg/mL.
Based on the antimicrobial compound content, antibacterial mechanism of action, and research that has been conducted, it can be concluded that red galangal rhizome extract has a biological plausibility aspect as an antibacterial for Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Conclusion
Methanol extract of red galangal rhizomes is effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.Increasing the concentration of red galangal extract increases its effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.Red galangal extract with a concentration of 80% has higher effectiveness than chloramphenicol in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.
Another study showed that the ethanol extract of red galangal rhizomes has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes with an MIC of 0.625 mg/mL.Based on the content of antimicrobial compounds, antibacterial mechanism of action, and research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that red galangal rhizome extract has a biological plausibility aspect as an antibacterial against Streptococcus pyogenes.[7][8][9]Red galangal rhizomes contain various chemical compounds that have antimicrobial activity, 18 such as: (1) Flavonoids: have antibacterial effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and damaging bacterial cell membranes.(2) Phenol has antibacterial effects by damaging bacterial cell membranes and and terpenoids can inhibit bacterial metabolism by inhibiting important enzymes in bacterial metabolism.Several studies show that red galangal rhizome extract has antibacterial effectiveness against Klebsiella pneumoniae. 10,11

Table 1 .
Results of inhibition zone diameter against Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
chloramphenicol, indicating that red galangal extract with a concentration of 20% has lower effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.Red galangal extract with a concentration of 40% showed an average inhibitory zone diameter of 19.79 mm with a standard deviation of 1.12 mm.The diameter of this inhibition zone is slightly larger than that of 20% red galangal extract, indicating that increasing the concentration of red galangal extract increases its effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of

Table 2 .
Results of inhibitory zone diameter against Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria