Analysis of Ethnopharmaceutical Studies of Traditional Medicine for the Management of Jaundice Due to Hepatic Disorders by the Mandar Tribe of West Sulawesi, Indonesia

in the blood, which is a waste product of the breakdown of red blood cells. Liver disorders, such as hepatitis, are the most common cause of jaundice. The Mandar tribe in West Sulawesi Indonesia has a traditional healing tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation. This traditional medicine is often used to treat various diseases, including jaundice. This study aims to analyze the ethnopharmaceutical traditional treatment for jaundice in the Mandar tribe in West Sulawesi. This research used a descriptive observational method with traditional healthcare respondents. Data was collected through interviews and observations of traditional healers and patients who used traditional medicine. The data was analyzed descriptively to determine the type of plant, part of the plant used, processing methods, and how traditional medicines are used. This research found 14 plant species from 13 families that were used as medicine for jaundice. Two types of plants are typically used by the Mandar tribe, namely lapo-lapo ( Melanolepis multiglandulosa ) and barorang ( Blumea balsamifera ). The parts of the plant most commonly used as medicine are leaves (43%), followed by fruit (29%), stems (14%), roots (7%), rhizomes (4%), and herbs (3%). Plant processing by pressing and boiling is the most widely used (50% each). The most common method of use is boiling (70%), followed by pounding (20%) and eating directly (10%). This research found 14 plant species from 13 families that were used by the Mandar tribe as medicine for jaundice. Two types of plants are typically used, namely lapo-lapo and barorang. This research provides important information about the Mandar tribe's ethnopharmacology for jaundice and can be a basis for the development of more effective and safer traditional medicines.


Introduction
The Mandar tribe in West Sulawesi has a rich culture and traditional healing traditions that have been passed down from generation to generation.data shows that jaundice is a health problem that is often faced by people in Indonesia.In West Sulawesi, data on the prevalence of jaundice in 2020 shows a figure of 1.5% of the total population.[3] The use of medicinal plants for health is still the main choice for most people in Indonesia, including in West Sulawesi.Data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia shows that in 2021, as many as 68% of Indonesian people will use traditional medicine to treat various diseases.This shows that medicinal plants and traditional medicine have an important role in the public health system in Indonesia.

Knowledge of medicinal plants and their use in
Ethnopharmaceutical studies are an important method for studying the knowledge and practices of traditional medicine in a culture.This study can help in understanding the potential of medicinal plants used by traditional communities, as well as their mechanism of action and effectiveness in treating

Methods
This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach.Descriptive research aims to describe and explain a phenomenon or event.A qualitative approach is used to understand the  The cherry (Muntingia calabura), also known as the Jamaican cherry, is a tropical tree native to Central and South America.This tree is planted in many countries in the world, including Indonesia, because of its sweet and juicy fruit.Cherry leaves also have many health benefits, including treating jaundice.

Results and Discussion
Flavonoids are antioxidant compounds that help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals.
aves are the most widely used plant part (43%) for the treatment of jaundice in the Mandar tribe.This treating various diseases is an important aspect of Mandar culture.Ethnopharmacological research has shown that the medicinal plants used by the Mandar tribe have great potential for health.Various studies have proven the effectiveness of Mandar medicinal plants in treating various diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and infections.Epidemiological be the basis for the development of more effective and safer traditional medicines.Jaundice is a serious disease and can be fatal if not treated properly.Modern treatment for jaundice generally uses chemical drugs which can have undesirable side effects. 4-6Therefore, it is important to look for safer and more effective treatment alternatives.This study aims to analyze the ethnopharmaceutical traditional treatment for jaundice in the Mandar tribe in West Sulawesi.It is hoped that this research will provide valuable information about the potential of Mandar medicinal plants and traditional medicine in the treatment of jaundice.This information can be the basis for the development of more effective and safer traditional medicines for jaundice.
meaning and experiences of individuals or groups in a particular context.This research was carried out in 12 sub-districts consisting of 68 villages in Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi.Pasangkayu Regency has a fairly large population of the Mandar tribe.The Mandar tribe has traditional healing traditions that are still maintained.Jaundice is a disease that is often faced by people in Pasangkayu Regency.The sample for this research was 7 informants from the Mandar tribe (traditional healers) who knew and used medicinal plants as a treatment for jaundice.Informants were selected based on inclusion criteria, namely that the informant was at least 18 years old, had knowledge and experience in using medicinal plants to treat jaundice, and was willing to be interviewed.The sampling technique in this research used snowball sampling.This technique was used because the traditional health population of the Mandar tribe in Pasangkayu Regency was difficult to identify.The data collection method in this research used open interviews with a questionnaire guide.Open interviews allow researchers to explore more in-depth information from informants.A questionnaire guide was used to ensure that all informants were asked the same questions.Observations were carried out to observe the traditional health methods of the Mandar tribe using medicinal plants to treat jaundice.Medicinal plants obtained from informants were identified at the Biodiversity Laboratory, data analysis was carried out by grouping data based on emerging themes.The themes that emerged were then analyzed to understand their meaning and implications.This research was conducted with due regard to research ethics.Before starting the research, the researcher obtained permission from related parties, such as the village head and local traditional leaders.Researchers have also explained to informants about the research objectives and data confidentiality.Informants are given the right to refuse or stop participating in the research at any time.
shows that the leaves of medicinal plants have great potential benefits in the treatment of jaundice.The research manuscript also shows that the most widely used processing methods for medicinal plant leaves are boiling (70%) and pressing (30%).Medicinal plant leaves are generally rich in active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and essential oils which have various health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and hepatoprotective.These compounds can help relieve symptoms of jaundice and protect the liver from damage.Medicinal plant leaves are easy to find and planted in various regions, making them easily accessible to the public.Medicinal plant leaves can be easily processed by boiling or pressing, so they do not require complicated technology or equipment.The use of medicinal plant leaves is generally considered relatively safe compared to chemical drugs.The boiling method is the most commonly used method for processing medicinal plant leaves.The leaves of medicinal plants are boiled in hot water for some time to extract the active compounds.Boiled water from the leaves of medicinal plants is then drunk as medicine.The pressing method is used to obtain juice or essence from the leaves of medicinal plants.The leaves of medicinal plants are finely ground and then squeezed using a cloth or other press.The juice or extract from the leaves of medicinal plants is then drunk as medicine.Several studies have shown that medicinal plant leaves can help relieve symptoms of jaundice and improve liver function.However, further research is still needed to prove the effectiveness and safety of

Table 2 .
Plant parts used and how to manage traditional medicines for jaundice.
Moringa is a tree plant originating from South Asia.Moringa leaves are often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Moringa leaves are dried and finely ground, then mixed with water and drunk.Soursop is a tree plant that originates from Central and South America.Soursop leaves are often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Soursop leaves are boiled and the boiled water is drunk.Oranges are trees that originate from Southeast Asia.Orange fruit is often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Oranges are eaten directly or the juice is squeezed and drunk.Kersen is a tree plant originating from Central and South America.Kersen leaves are often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Cherry leaves are boiled and the boiled water is drunk.Banana is a tree plant originating from Southeast Asia.Bananas are often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Bananas are eaten directly.Lapo-lapo is a shrub that originates from Sulawesi.Lapo-lapo leaves are often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Lapo-lapo leaves are boiled and the boiled water is drunk.Coconut is a tree plant that originates from Southeast Asia.Young coconut water is often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Drink young coconut water directly.Barorang is a herbaceous plant originating from Southeast Asia.Barorang leaves are often used by the Mandar tribe to treat jaundice.Barorang leaves are boiled and the boiled water is drunk.Table 1.Results of plant identification as traditional medicine for jaundice.indicates that this part of the plant also has potential benefits in the treatment of jaundice.The stems of medicinal plants can contain various active compounds that can help relieve the symptoms of jaundice, such as increasing bile production, improving digestion, and improving the immune system.The use of fruit (14%) indicates that this part of the plant also has potential benefits in the treatment of jaundice.The fruit of medicinal plants can contain various active compounds that can help relieve the