Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia) on Glucose Intake to Diabetes Mellitus White Rat Muscle Tissue

Noni fruit ( Morinda citrifolia ) is one of the most common plants in Indonesia. This plant is often found in various regions in Indonesia, where these plants are often in the form of shrubs or wild plants that grow in yards or plantations. This study aims to assess the effect of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract on blood sugar levels and the expression of GLUT4 protein in muscle tissue which shows the potential of the test extract's ability to improve blood glucose intake to cells so that it can maintain blood sugar regulation. This research was an experimental study that used white rats as research subject. Induction of diabetes was done by injecting alloxan at a dose of 110 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally; then the white rats were given 10% glucose to drink. Alloxan-induced white rats showed a very significant increase in blood sugar levels, where the use of the drug metformin was able to reduce blood sugar levels significantly. In white rats induced with diabetes mellitus, there was a decrease in GLUT4 levels in muscle tissue. The administration of metformin drugs or noni fruit extracts shows the ability to increase levels of GLUT4 protein. In conclusion, noni fruit extract affects lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus white rats by increasing glucose intake to cells and tissues.


Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that disturbs the body's blood sugar regulation. This disorder is characterized by a decrease in the ability of the body's cells to intake glucose into cells. Due to the failure of cells in glucose intake, glucose buildup occurs in the extracellular, namely in plasma. The buildup of glucose in the plasma causes an increase in blood glucose levels in the plasma so that it will interfere with blood flow, which led to blood viscosity and decreased blood flow to various cells and tissues.
Impaired blood flow to various cells and tissues leads to a decrease in the supply of oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues resulting in damage and cell death which leads to decreased tissue performance. This study aims to assess the effect of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract on blood sugar levels and the expression of GLUT4 protein in muscle tissue which shows the potential of the test extract's ability to

Eureka Herba Indonesia
Journal Homepage: https://eurekabiomedical.com/index.php/EHI improve blood glucose intake to cells so that it can maintain blood sugar regulation.

Noni fruit extraction preparation
Noni fruit simplicia was obtained from the Tawangmangu Herbal Research Center, Karanganyar, Indonesia. The process of noni fruit extraction is carried out by maceration in which 500 grams of simplicia are macerated with 96% ethanol for 72 hours.
Next, do the separation between the pulp and the macerate. The macerate was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator (Shimadzu) to obtain a thick extract, noni fruit extract (EM).

Animal model diabetes melitus
After 1 week of adaptation, the mice were randomly divided into the following six groups, each containing 5

Phytochemical test
The noni fruit extract was analyzed for phytochemical screening which included tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The noni fruit extract was separated using TLC as a stationary phase in the form of silica gel GF254 and a mobile phase in the form of nhexane: chloroform: ethyl acetate (2: 5: 5).

Statistical analysis
All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and all statistical analyzes were performed with the SPSS 25 (IBM) program. One way ANOVA followed by a post hoc analysis was carried out to assess the difference in mean expression levels of each protein. P <0.05 was determined as an indication that there was a significant difference in mean levels. Table 1 shows the potential of noni fruit extract on blood sugar levels of white rats. Alloxan-induced white rats showed a very significant increase in blood sugar levels, where the use of the drug metformin was able to reduce blood sugar levels significantly even though they had not reached the target blood glucose target of less than 200 mg/dL. The treatment with noni fruit extract was able to reduce blood sugar levels significantly, were at the EM dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg BW it was able to reduce blood sugar levels to reach a target of below 200 mg/kg BW.

CONCLUSION
Noni fruit extract affects lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus white rats by increasing glucose intake to cells and tissues.