Artificial intelligence tools cannot be listed as authors because they cannot approve the final work, disclose conflicts, or accept accountability.

Author use

Authors must disclose material use of generative AI or automated tools in writing, analysis, coding, image generation, translation, or data processing. The tool, version where relevant, purpose, and human verification should be described. Authors remain fully responsible for accuracy, originality, citations, confidentiality, and rights.

Prohibited use

AI must not fabricate data, citations, images, reviews, identities, consent, or ethical approval. Confidential manuscripts, reviews, or personal data must not be uploaded to external systems that do not provide adequate confidentiality and data protection.

Editors and reviewers

Editors and reviewers must not use external AI services in ways that compromise manuscript confidentiality. Any permitted assistance must not replace independent expert judgment.